Protein Structure:

• What are Proteins?

• Four Types of Protein Structure

• Protein Structure – MCAT.me

 

Proteins/Amino Acids:

• Complete MCAT Amino Acids Proteins Guide - MCAT Content

 

General intro to amino acids.

• Ch27: alpha-amino acids

 

Extra help with Amino Acids:

• Structures of Amino Acids

 

Amino Acid Stereochemistry:

• http://biowiki.ucdavis.edu/Biochemistry/Proteins/Structure_and_Properties_of_Amino_Acids/Stereochemistry_of_Amino_Acids

 

Essential vs. Non-essential amino acids.

• Essential Amino Acids

 

Acid-base Amino Acid:

• Amino Acid Charge in Zwitterions and Isoelectric Point MCAT Tutorial

• Amino Acids (Part 3): pH and Pka | Biochemistry for MCAT, DAT, NEET

• the acid base behaviour of amino acids

 

Isoelectric point

• (LOOK AT Comment by Luke Man)

• https://www.reddit.com/r/Mcat/comments/4dilye/isoelectric_point/

• https://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch27/ch27-1-4.html

 

Good Amino Acid Questions for Content reinforcement

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/e/amino-acids-and-proteins-questions

 

Amino Acid Reactions

Gabriel Synthesis

• https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2018/01/31/the-gabriel-synthesis/

• https://www.organic-chemistry.org/namedreactions/gabriel-synthesis.shtm

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iq8T0Sf77p0

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FbZki-efObA

 

Protein hydrolysis.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDoAFNX-3QM

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnIwgGs5OkU

• http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Proteins/B._Proteins/2._Hydrolysis_of_Proteins

 

Peptide bond formation and cleavage.

• https://aklectures.com/lecture/structure-of-proteins/peptide-bond-formation

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/proteins/v/peptide-bond-formation-and-cleavage

• http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/564peptide.html

 

Strecker synthesis

• https://leah4sci.com/strecker-synthesis-of-amino-acids/#:~:text=Strecker%20Synthesis%20is%20one%20of,group)

• http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/350/Carey5th/Ch27/ch27-2-2.html

 

Protein Folding

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXa6JIv5WlQ

• http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Biological_Chemistry/Proteins/Protein_Structure/Protein_Folding

 

Protein Folding Mechanism Video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z6OTR0oX3_E

 

Hydrophobic effect

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect

 

This link gives information on the 20 Amino Acids protein structural roles

• http://www.proteinstructures.com/Structure/Structure/amino-acids.html

 

Tertiary structure interaction: 

• http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/567tertprotein.html

 

Disulfide bonds and their function in proteins:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ta6qVaCWzhY

 

Protein Separation/Analysis Techniques:

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-AF5ACNESo

 

Analysis of protein purification

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7h0XrF1BleM

 

Lab Techniques

Gel Electrophoresis and SDS-Page

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETX4IpciAvc

 

Thin layer Chromatography, Column Chromatography, Gas Chromatography

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/separations-and-purifications/chromatography-basic-principles-involved-in-separation-process

 

Enzymes Overview

General Characteristics, Enzyme kinetic

• https://www.shemmassianconsulting.com/blog/enzymes-mcat

• https://mcat-review.org/enzymes.php

 

General Enzyme Characteristics,

• https://byjus.com/jee-questions/what-are-the-four-characteristics-of-an-enzyme/

 

Six types of enzymes

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_34rolpfnw

 

Major Non-Enzymatic Protein Functions:

• https://www.mcat.me/review/bb/non-enzymatic-protein-function

 

Non-Enzymatic Protein video

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/non-enzymatic-protein-function

 

Overview of Non-Enzymatic protein

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rxJVKioAU8

 

Non-Enzymatic Protein textual information

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/non-enzymatic-protein-function/non-enzymatic-protein-function-2

 

Enzyme catalysis

• http://www.rapidlearningcenter.com/chemistry/biochemistry/enzyme-catalysis-and-kinetics.html

Video of Enzyme Catalysis and substrate binding

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAi1LJUHUOY

Effects of local conditions, such as temperature or pH, on enzyme catalysis)

• http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoacids/enzymes2.html#top

 

Cofactors, Coenzymes (Brief video)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LK5HzcAOmyA

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/v/cofactors-coenzymes-and-vitamins

 

Textual information Cofactors explained

• https://biologydictionary.net/cofactor/

 

Prosthetic Groups (Brief Textual Informational page)

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthetic_group

 

Difference between Coenzyme and prosthetic group

• https://gs.alexu.edu.eg/upload/Courses/1201/1201708_2019-2020_Spring/assignment_3.pdf

 

Vitamins & Minerals

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBNCqRCsSvY

(Overview of Vitamins)

• https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/ta3868

 

Enzyme Kinetics:

Kinetics and Control of Enzyme Activity (Textual information)

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/control-of-enzyme-activity/kinetics

• http://blog.cambridgecoaching.com/enzyme-kinetics-for-the-mcat

 

M-M Overview

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1JDnpuGSKM

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmyR1cYxRL4

 

Brief break down of M-M Equation

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PWF5OeB7Ec

 

M-M: (deep understanding Video M-M Equation)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Mo6L3XhvwQ

​

Enzyme Inhibition

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/enzymes/inhibition

 

Positive and Negative Feedback

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz0Q9nTZCw4

 

Additional concept of positive and negative feedback

• https://www.albert.io/blog/positive-negative-feedback-loops-biology/

 

Positive Feedback

• https://biologydictionary.net/positive-feedback/

 

Negative feedback

• https://biologydictionary.net/negative-feedback/

 

Feedback Regulation

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/control-of-enzyme-activity/feedback-regulation

 

Enzyme Inhibition Mechanism Video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgFq9oWidDU

 

Textual info feedback inhibition

• http://blog.cambridgecoaching.com/enzyme-inhibition-and-lineweaver-burk-plots-mcat-test-prep

 

Competitive vs. Noncompetitive

• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/environmental-impacts-on-enzyme-function/a/enzyme-regulation

• http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/573inhibit.html

 

Difference between Competitive and Noncompetitive inhibition

• https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-competitive-and-noncompetitive-inhibition/

 

Allosteric regulation

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/control-of-enzyme-activity/regulatory-enzymes

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttiduKb_DQ4

 

Carbohydrates, Reactions, Sugar Structures

• http://mcat-review.org/carbohydrates.php

• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/properties-structure-and-function-of-biological-macromolecules/a/carbohydrates

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zwbuQypnUM

 

Good review of Carbohydrates

• https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/carbhyd.htm

 

Carbohydrates: characteristics

• https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biology/carbohydrates/carbohydrates-characteristics-and-test-with-diagram/49536

 

Three general Characteristics

• https://www.shemmassianconsulting.com/blog/carbohydrates-mcat

 

Carbohydrates & Carbohydrate Reactions:

• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/properties-structure-and-function-of-biological-macromolecules/a/carbohydrates

 

Glycoside Formation

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/nucleic-acids-lipids-and-carbohydrates/v/carbohydrate-glycoside-formation-hydrolysis

 

Reaction of Monosaccharides (Quick video)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUKUwADHZt8

 

Disaccharides (Quick video)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kk4Bck7WHpA&list=PLLE3R1rwJOY73JWpJbrWOij_YF0OxMALL&index=3

 

Naming and Classification Carbohydrates

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-naming-and-classification

​

Absolute configuration, epimers, common names

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrates/v/carbohydrates-absolute-configuration-epimers-common-names

 

Absolute configuration

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/carbohydrates/absolute-configuration

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNzBhzyhZg0

 

Epimers vs Anomer

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2CBC-ylqUs

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/carbohydrates/epimers-and-anomers

 

Lipids:

https://pixorize.com/view/6885

 

Fatty Acids

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/metabolism-of-fatty-acids-and-proteins/description-of-fatty-acids-bc

 

Fatty Acid Synthesis Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQ2HBx-l5b0

 

Triacylglycerol:

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26979759/

• https://www.brainkart.com/article/Triacylglycerols-or-Triglycerides_34095/

 

Phospholipids

• https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-phospholipid-structure-functions-composi

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/cell-membrane-overview/v/phospholipid-structure

 

Steroids & Terpenes

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/lipids/lipids-description-structure

 

Sphingolipids

• https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/127/5/830S/4724084

 

Waxes

• https://pixorize.com/view/6885

 

Glycolipids

• https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/UCD%3A_Biophysics_241_-_Membrane_Biology/01%3A_Lipids/1.04%3A_Glycolipids

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_RTc7aSFp4

 

Prostaglandins

• https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/prostaglandins/

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2URFVe5Kd_E

​

Eicosanoid

• https://thebiologynotes.com/overview-of-eicosanoids/

• https://study.com/academy/lesson/eicosanoids-definition-function-types-effects.html

 

Phosphoglycerides

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4K_K8-0pg0Q

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xzpd_dyL2U4

 

Nucleotides :

• https://www.shemmassianconsulting.com/blog/dna-mcat

• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/gene-expression-and-regulation/dna-and-rna-structure/v/molecular-structure-of-dna

• http://mcat-review.org/molecular-biology-dna.php

 

Nucleotide Functional groups and bond-to-bond connectivity

• http://cyberbridge.mcb.harvard.edu/dna_1.html

 

Polymerization of Nucleotides

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BostjqpPiDM

 

Metabolism:

• https://www.diffen.com/difference/Aerobic_Respiration_vs_Anaerobic_Respiration

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B24EzQOvRWk

 

Anabolism

• https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/anabolism

​

Catabolism

• https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/catabolism

• https://byjus.com/chemistry/catabolism/

 

Anabolism vs. Catabolism

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onDQ9KgDSVw

• https://www.diffen.com/difference/Anabolism_vs_Catabolism

 

Metabolism: Glycolysis

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JV49mPWbQXw

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/glycolysis-gluconeogenesis-and-the-pentose-phosphate-pathway/glycolysis-aerobic-substrates-and-products

 

Metabolism: Fermentation

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbdkbCU20_M

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfeXuK8pbFw

 

Metabolism: Citric Acid Cycle (a.k.a., Krebs Cycle, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle [TCA])

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/krebs-citric-acid-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation/a/the-citric-acid-cycle-2

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOY03Wl8VG4

 

Metabolism: Electron Transport Chain

• https://biologydictionary.net/electron-transport-chain/

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8VHyezOJD4

 

Metabolism: Fatty Acid

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuQS_LpNMzo

 

Lipid metabolism Overview

• https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/lipid-metabolism-and-enzymes.htm

 

Overview of beta-oxidation

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/fat-and-protein-metabolism/v/overview-of-fatty-acid-oxidation

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/metabolism-of-fatty-acids-and-proteins/oxidation-of-fatty-acids

 

Protein Metabolism

Transamination

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4cJ8uq31kY

• http://education.med.nyu.edu/mbm/aminoAcids/nitrogen.shtml

 

Protein Metabolism

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwAWFFwcqnk

• https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Brevard_College/CHE_301_Biochemistry/10%3A_Metabolism_of_Amino_Acids/10.01%3A_Proteins_metabolism

 

Glucogenic vs Ketogenic Amino Acid

• https://pediaa.com/difference-between-glucogenic-and-ketogenic-amino-acids/

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7Ss0yGf84U

Bioenergetics

• http://www.unm.edu/~rrobergs/426L4Bioen.pdf

Steady State

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-kinetics/v/steady-states-and-the-michaelis-menten-equation

• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24245583/

​

Gibbs Free Energy

• https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch21/gibbs.php

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Tbe-KN26-I

 

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/principles-of-bioenergetics/phosphoryl-group-transfers-and-atp-1d

• https://www.lecturio.com/magazine/adenosine-triphosphate-atp/

 

Explanation of phosphorylation and how it relates to ATP

• https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/17%3A_Bacterial_Growth_and_Energy_Production/17.5%3A_Phosphorylation_Mechanisms_for_Generating_ATP

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/krebs-citric-acid-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation/v/regulation-of-oxidative-phosphorylation

 

cAMP and other messengers

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT9CmHc1ssk

 

Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orI2m6IarJg

• https://leah4sci.com/oxidation-and-reduction-reactions/

 

Enzymes & Enzyme Inhibition

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZD5xsOKres

 

Enzyme Structure and Function

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/enzyme-structure-and-function/a/enzyme-structure-and-function

 

Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuSinQd9YhA

 

Metabolism/Respiration

• http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/celres.html

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-systems/the-respiratory-system/v/the-respiratory-center

 

Fructose Metabolism

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2lDhuYt39Y

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHmAARLd4yE

 

Fermentation

• https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/fermentation

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPbnjk2orcQ

 

Gluconeogenesis

• https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/glycolysis-gluconeogenesis-and-the-pentose-phosphate-pathway/gluconeogenesis

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/v/gluconeogenesis

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCAptpxGu_g

 

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/a/pentose-phosphate-pathway

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBiTZ_1FscU

 

Krebs Cycle (a.k.a., Citric Acid Cycle, Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle [TCA])

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/krebs-citric-acid-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation/a/the-citric-acid-cycle-2

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge_uJ3iRDCE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2aykjPg9u0

 

Electron Transport Chain

• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology1/chapter/reading-electron-transport-chain/

• https://sciencing.com/electron-transport-chain-etc-definition-location-importance-13717928.html

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8VHyezOJD4

 

Biochemical Shuttles

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueQqdrqBGiU

• https://aklectures.com/lecture/oxidative-phosphorylation/malate-aspartate-shuttle

 

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuQS_LpNMzo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQ2HBx-l5b0

 

Citrate-Acetyl-CoA Shuttle

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ry2Sc-pNnQ

• https://www.csun.edu/~jm77307/Fatty%20Acid%20Biosynthesis.pdf

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX5hqo-cTRk

 

ATP Synthase

• https://biologydictionary.net/atp-synthase/

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHCzJjm0b1M

 

Oxidative phosphorylation

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/krebs-citric-acid-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation/a/oxidative-phosphorylation-the-major-energy-provider-of-the-cell

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfovt31_p1k

 

ATP production in Cellular Respiration

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/krebs-citric-acid-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation/v/calculating-atp-produced-in-cellular-respiration

 

Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Regulation

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/carbohydrate-metabolism/v/regulation-of-glycolysis-and-gluconeogenesis

 

Regulation of Oxidation phosphorylation

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/krebs-citric-acid-cycle-and-oxidative-phosphorylation/v/regulation-of-oxidative-phosphorylation

 

Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism

• https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/37%3A_The_Endocrine_System/37.3%3A_Regulation_of_Body_Processes/37.3C%3A_Hormonal_Regulation_of_Metabolism

 

Metabolic States

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/hormonal-regulation/v/tissue-specific-metabolism-and-the-metabolic-states

• https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/biomolecules/hormonal-regulation/v/how-does-the-body-adapt-to-starvation

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lgc-8AwUVFo

 

CONNECTED PATHWAYS OF METABOLISM

• https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byerley)/Text/06%3A_Energy_Metabolism/6.02%3A_Metabolism_Overview

• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-nmbiology1/chapter/connections-to-other-metabolic-pathways/

• http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/604glycogenesis.html